کارآمدی یا ناکارآمدی فراشناخت‌ها: مرور پژوهش‌ها

سالاری فر, محمدحسین

doi:10.22077/qrbs.2024.7859.1051

کارآمدی یا ناکارآمدی فراشناخت‌ها: مرور پژوهش‌ها

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسنده

محمدحسین سالاری فر

استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه بیرجند

10.22077/qrbs.2024.7859.1051

چکیده

زمینه: فراشناخت یک فرآیند ذهنی سطح بالاست که بر سایر فرآیندهای ذهنی اثرگذار است. رویکرد روان‌شناسی شناختی و رویکرد آسیب‌شناسی روانی مفهوم‌سازی متفاوتی از فراشناخت دارند.
هدف: مطالعه حاضر باهدف پاسخگویی به این سؤال انجام شد، آیا فراشناخت‌ها کارآمد یا ناکارآمد است؟
روش: این مطالعه باتوجه به ماهیت و هدف در زمرۀ مطالعات مروری قرار دارد. با جستجو در پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتیProQuest, Google Scholar, Springer, ERIC, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Iran Doc, Magiran, SID در مجموع تعداد 103 مقاله در رویکرد روان‌شناسی شناختی و رویکرد آسیب‌شناسی روانی به زبان فارسی و انگلیسی که متن کامل آنها در دسترس بود، مطالعه شد.
یافته‌ها: مبانی نظری و نتایج پژوهش‌های انجام شده در روان‌شناسی شناختی و تحولی، فراشناخت را به عنوان یک سازۀ ذهنی سطح بالا معرفی می‌نماید که با یادگیری، حل مسئله، خلاقیت، قضاوت و عملکرد کلی شخص رابطه مثبت دارد. ولی در رویکرد آسیب‌شناسی روانی، فراشناخت به‌عنوان یک سازۀ ذهنی مفهوم‌سازی شده است که زمینه‌ساز بسیاری از اختلالات روان‌شناختی است. نتایج پژوهش‌های انجام شده در این حوزۀ روان‌شناسی نشان می‌دهد، فراشناخت با اختلالات اضطرابی، اختلالات خلقی، اختلال وسواسی اجبار و اختلالات جسمانی‌شکل رابطه مثبت دارد.
نتیجه‌گیری: باتوجه به مبانی نظری و نتایج پژوهش‌های این دو رویکرد در روان‌شناسی می‌توان‌گفت، فراشناخت دارای نقشی دوگانه است. یعنی فراشناخت در روان‌شناسی تحولی یک فرآیند ذهنی سطح بالاست که با فعال شدن، عملکرد شخص را افزایش می‌دهد. پس فراشناخت یک سازۀ کارآمد است. ولی در آسیب‌شناسی روانی فراشناخت یک فرآیند ذهنی است که با فعال شدن، عملکرد کلی شخص را کاهش می‌دهد. یعنی فراشناخت یک سازه ناکارآمد است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

فراشناخت

فراشناخت کارآمد

فراشناخت ناکارآمد

روان‌شناسی شناختی

آسیب‌‎شناسی روانی

عنوان مقاله English

Efficiency or Inefficiency of Metacognitions: A Review of Research

نویسنده English

Mohammad Hosien Salarifar

Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

چکیده English

Background: Meta cognition is a mental process that has a significant impact on other cognitive processes. The conceptualization of meta-cognition differs between the cognitive psychology approach and the psychopathology approache.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to answer the question: Are meta-cognitions efficient or inefficient?
Method: According to its nature and purpose, this study is a review of the literature. By searching the databases of ProQuest, Google Scholar, Springer, ERIC, Science Direct, PubMed, Iran Doc, Magi ran, and SID, a total of 103 articles on the approach of cognitive psychology and the approach of psychopathology in Farsi and English, whose full text was available, was studied.
Results: The theoretical foundations and results of the research conducted in cognitive and developmental psychology introduce meta-cognition as a high-level mental structure that has a positive relationship with a person's learning, problem-solving, creativity, judgment, and global performance. In the psychopathology approache, meta-cognition is viewed as a mental structure that underlies numerous psychological disorders. Research in this field of psychology has shown that meta-cognition has a positive impact on anxiety disorders, mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and somatoform disorders.
Conclusions: The theoretical foundations and research results of these two approaches in psychology indicate that meta-cognition plays a dual role. In cognitive and developmental psychology approache, meta-cognition is a high-level mental process that can enhance global performance when activated. So, meta-cognition is an efficient structure. However, in the psychopathology approache meta-cognition is a cognitive process that, when activated, reduces a person's global performance. That is, meta-cognition is an inefficient structure.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

meta cognition

efficient meta cognition

inefficient meta cognition

cognitive psychology

psychopathology

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