نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری
عنوان مقاله English
نویسندگان English
Background: The relationship between psychoanalysis and art has a long and intricate history, originating with Freud’s writings on artists and evolving through a complex trajectory. Despite this, psychoanalytic theories of art remain fragmented, calling for a more systematic historical and conceptual synthesis.
Aim: This study aims to review and critically analyze the developmental trajectory of psychoanalytic perspectives on art and the creative process.
Method: A narrative review was conducted, integrating data from 97 articles and books retrieved from major databases (Web Pep, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Google Books, ResearchGate, PubMed, JSTOR, Noormags, and SID), covering 1900 to July 2025. The initial search identified 2,405 records. After screening, 594 articles were selected for title/abstract review, and 380 full texts were examined in detail. Applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 69 articles and 28 books were ultimately included.
Results: The findings of this review can be organized into three major categories: 1- A three-branch, criterion-based classification of the evolution of psychoanalytic thought on art. 2- A four-stage model explaining the creative process from a postmodern psychoanalytic perspective, illustrating how the elements of artistic creation correspond to mechanisms of psychic transformation in analysis. 3- A comparative map outlining the structural and functional components of artistic creation in parallel with analogous processes in psychoanalysis, highlighting their potential impact on the analytic process.
Conclusions: The study proposes an intersubjective, field (post-Bionian) model of the creative process: evocative objects activate the raw unconscious material within the “field” of the artist’s psychic interactions. This stirred unconscious, driven by the wish to re-experience a transformative object and engaged with consciousness, material, and inner/outer factors, gives rise to the “artistic third,” a concept inspired by the “analytic third,” which is both co-created and autonomous. The artistic third enables the capacity to “bear witness,” facilitating meaning-making and the integration of ruptures in the psyche’s narrative through metaphor and symbolization. Thus, art is not the product of a singular self but the emergent outcome of a dynamic creative field.
کلیدواژهها English
References
Adams, L. S. (2019). Art and psychoanalysis. Taylor & Francis Group. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780429502200/art-psychoanalysis-laurie-schneider-adams
Ayoubi, L., & Salehi, K. (2025). Methods of achieving saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review. Qualitative Research in Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.22077/qrbs.2025.8429.1069
Balint, M. (1969). The basic fault: Therapeutic aspects of regression. Northwestern University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-98166-000
Beveridge, A. (2001). A disquieting feeling of strangeness?: The art of the mentally ill. Journal of The Royal Society of Medicine, 94(11), 595-599. https://doi.org/10.1177/014107680109401115
Bion, W. R. (1963). Learning from experience. William Heinemann Medical Books. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Learning_From_Experience/qevMEAAAQBAJ?hl=en
Bollas, C. (1979). The transformational object. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 60(1), 97-107. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/457346
Bollas, C. (1987). The shadow of the object: Psychoanalysis of the unthought known. Columbia University Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=uV0HtAEACAAJ
Bollas, C. (2008). The evocative object world. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.je/books?id=5n19AgAAQBAJ
Civitarese, G. (2022). Psychoanalytic field theory: A contemporary introduction (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003219972
Civitarese, G. (2025). The hour of birth: Psychoanalysis of the sublime and contemporary art. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com/books?id=2HiLEQAAQBAJ
Cohen, F. W. (1981). Art therapy: Psychotic expression and symbolism. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 8(1), 15-23. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0197455681900150
Dalsimer, K. (1994). The compulsion to create: A psychoanalytic study of women artists. By Susan Kavaler-Adler (Book review). The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 75(4). https://www.proquest.com/openview/90f098e85b73b6f33fe187a42460e938/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1818729
Ehrenzweig, A. (1953). The psycho- analysis of artistic vision and hearing: An introduction to a theory of unconscious perception. Routledge & Paul. https://books.google.com/books?id=uTNIAAAAMAAJ
Ehrenzweig, A. (1967). The hidden order of art: A study in the psychology of artistic imagination. U. California Press. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Hidden_Order_of_Art.html?id=p0kEUA_o1iUC
Ehrenzweig, A. (1999). The psycho- analysis of artistic vision and hearing: An introduction to a theory of unconscious perception. Routledge. https://books.google.fr/books?id=UZj_n-MJudwC
Eissler, K. R. (1963). Goethe: A psychoanalytic study, 1775-1786. Wayne State University Press. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007122873
Esfandiar, F., Salehi, K., & Ebrahimi Kazemabad, A. (2026). Quality assessment of constructivist grounded theory studies: Developing a checklist. Qualitative Research in Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.22077/qrbs.2026.11129.1176
Fenchel, G. H. (2008). Parallelism between psychoanalysis and art [Review of the book freud's art- psychoanalysis retold, by J. Sayers]. Psyccritiques, 53(21). https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0011560
Freud, S. (1914). On the history of the psycho- analytic movement. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of sigmund freud (Vol. 14, pp. 1-66). https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2873856
Freud, S. (Ed.). (1925). Note upon a ‘‘mystic writing-pad" (Vol. 20). Hogarth Press. https://web.english.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/Freud_WritingPad.pdf
Freud, S. (1926). The question of lay analysis. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of sigmund freud (Vol. 20, pp. 177-258). https://ia800505.us.archive.org/8/items/the-complete-works-of-sigmund-freud/Freud%2C%20Sigmund/Question%20of%20Lay%20Analysis%2C%20The/Freud%2C%20Sigmund%20-%20Question%20of%20Lay%20Analysis%20%28Norton%2C%201969%29.pdf
Freud, S. (1964). Leonardo da vinci and a memory of his childhood. Norton. https://books.google.com/books?id=4MZnpQZqNYAC
Freud, S., Riviere, J., & Strachey, A. (1950). Collected papers. In. Hogarth Press & The Institute of Psychoanalysis. https://books.google.com/books?id=UVcNAQAAMAAJ
Gendlin, E. T. (1966). The discovery of felt meaning. In J. B. M. R. R. Leeper (Ed.), Language and meaning. papers from the ascd conference, the curriculum research institute (pp. 45-62). Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. https://www.focusing.org/gendlin/docs/gol_2039.html
Gerson, S. (2004). The relational unconscious: Acore element of intersubjectivity, thirdness, and clinical process. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 73(1), 63-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2167-4086.2004.tb00153.x
Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Info Libr Journal, 26(2), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer- reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101-117. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6
Greenacre, P. (1964). A study on the nature of inspiration: Part i. some special considerations regarding the phallic phase. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 12(1), 6-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306516401200102
Hagman, G. (2005). Aesthetic experience: beauty, creativity, and the search for the ideal. Rodopi. https://books.google.com/books?id=TlsYxZ_bg7oC
Hagman, G. (2010). The artist's mind: A psychoanalytic perspective on creativity, modern art and modern artists. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com/books?id=tTZZBwAAQBAJ
Hagman, G. (2025). The psychoanalysis of aesthetic experience: Self, relationship and culture. Taylor & Francis Group. https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ0b0QEACAAJ
Jones, E. (1949). Hamlet and oedipus. Norton. https://books.google.com/books?id=N-JDAAAAYAAJ
Kavaler-Adler, S. (1993). The compulsion to create: A psychoanalytic study of women artists. Taylor & Frances, Routledge. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-98622-000
Knafo, D. (2002). Revisiting ernst kris's concept of regression in the service of the ego in art. Psychoanalytic psychology, 19(1), 24-49. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.19.1.24
Knafo, D. (2012 a). Alone together: Solitude and the creative encounter in art and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 22(1), 54-71. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/10481885.2012.646605
Knafo, D. (2012 b). Dancing with the unconscious: The art of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 32(3), 275-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2011.609081
Kohut, H. (1966). Forms and transformations of narcissism. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 14(2), 243-272. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/000306516601400201
Kris, E. (1952). Psychoanalytic explorations in art. International Universities Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3hPAAAAMAAJ
Kris, E., & Kurz, O. (1979). Legend, myth, and magic in the image of the artist: A historical experiment. Yale University Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=gl1iAZcg5pIC
Levine, H. B. (2012). The colourless canvas: Representation, therapeutic action and the creation of mind. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 93(3), 607-629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-8315.2012.00574.x
Levinson, C. P. (1986). Patient drawings and growth toward mature object relations: Observations of an art therapy group in a psychiatric ward. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 13(2), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-4556(86)90017-1
Lieberman, J. S. (2011). Common ground between psychoanalysis and art: Introduction to wilson and miller. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 59(1), 85-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003065111402497
Lingis, A. (2017). This immense fascination with the unconscious: Psychoanalysis and surrealism. In D. Legrand & D. Trigg (Eds.), Unconsciousness between phenomenology and psychoanalysis (pp. 261-277). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55518-8_15
Loewald, H. W. (1975). Psychoanalysis as an art and the fantasy character of the psychoanalytic situation. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 23(2), 277-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306517502300201
McDougall, J. (1995). The artist and the outer world. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 31(2), 247-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.1995.10746909
McDougall, J. (1999). Violence and creativity. The Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, 22(2), 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/01062301.1999.10592706
Milner, M. B. (1995/2018). The role of illusion in symbol formation. In Meltzer, D. Psychoanalysis and Art. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429478666
Milner, M. B. (2010). On not being able to paint. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com/books?id=zNCsAgAAQBAJ
Modell, A. H. (1993). The private self. Harvard University Press. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Private_Self.html?id=clv-CaUOAaIC
Modell, A. H. (2005). Emotional memory, metaphor, and meaning. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 25(4), 555-568. https://doi.org/10.2513/s07351690pi2504_9
Modell, A. H. (2009). Metaphor: The bridge between feelings and knowledge. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 29(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690802246890
Ogden, T. H. (1994). The analytic third: Working with intersubjective clinical facts. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 75(1), 3-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8005761
Ogden, T. H. (2004). The analytic third: Implications for psychoanalytic theory and technique. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 73(1), 167-195. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2167-4086.2004.tb00156.x
Poland, W. S. (2000). The analyst's witnessing and otherness. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48(1), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651000480011301
Rhodes, C. (2000). Outsider art: Spontaneous alternatives. Thames & Hudson. https://books.google.com/books?id=DZhjQgAACAAJ
Rose, G. J. (1991). Abstract art and emotion: Expressive form and the sense of wholeness. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 39(1), 131-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306519103900107
Rose, G. J. (1993). Affect: A biological basis of art. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 21(4), 501-512. https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.1.1993.21.4.501
Rose, G. J. (1996). Necessary illusion: Art as witness. International Universities Press. https://books.google.it/books?id=jLfpAAAAMAAJ
Rose, G. J. (1999). Psychoanalysis and art: Their mutual relevance. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought, 22(4), 591-608. https://pepweb.org/browse/document/PCT.022.0591A?index=27&page=P0592
Segal, H. (1952). A psycho- analytical approach to aesthetics. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 33(2), 196-207. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14917464/
Segal, H. (1991). Dream, phantasy, and art. Tavistock- Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?id=avndQpoWA58C
Shaddock, D. (2020). Poetry and psychoanalysis: The opening of the field. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429289224
Sharpe, E. F. (1930). The technique of psycho- analysis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 11, 251-277. https://pep-web.org/browse/document/ijp.011.0251a
Sharpe, E. F. (1935). Similar and divergent unconscious determinants underlying the sublimations of pure art and pure science. The International Journal of Psycho- Analysis, 16, 186. https://pep-web.org/browse/document/ijp.016.0186a
Sharpe, E. F. (1940). Psycho- physical problems revealed in language: An examination of metaphor. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 21, 201-213. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1940-04567-001
Spezzano, C. (1997). The emergence of an american middle school of psychoanalysis: Commentary on karen rosica's paper. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 7(5), 603-618. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/10481889709539207
Spitz, E. H. (1982). Reflections on form and content in modern art. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 37(1), 547-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1982.11823379
Spitz, E. H. (1985). Art and psyche: A study in psychoanalysis and aesthetics. Yale University Press. https://books.google.pl/books?id=TbnjcBzAGXIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI&hl=pl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Spitz, E. (2010). Lucian freud: Psychoanalysis in paint? American Imago, 67(3), 441-450. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/414025
Stern, D. (2012). Witnessing across time: Accessing the present from the past and the past from the present. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 81(1), 53-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2167-4086.2012.tb00485.x
Stern, D. B. (1983). Unformulated experience: From familiar chaos to creative disorder. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 19, 71-99. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/00107530.1983.10746593
Stern, D. B. (2004). The eye sees itself: Dissociation, enactment, and the achievement of conflict. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 40(2), 197-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2004.10745828
Stern, D. B. (2012). Witnessing across time: Accessing the present from the past and the past from the present. Psychoanal Q, 81(1), 53-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2167-4086.2012.tb00485.x
Stern, D. B. (2019). Unformulated experience and the relational turn. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 39(2), 127-135. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/07351690.2019.1561090
Stern, D. B. (2022). On coming into possession of oneself: Witnessing and the formulation of experience. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 91(4), 639-667. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332828.2022.2153528
Stolorow, R. D., & Atwood, G. E. (2014). Contexts of being: The intersubjective foundations of psychological life. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.de/books?id=p2ihAwAAQBAJ
Storr, A. (1988). Solitude: A return to the self. Free Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=FJzUXr5YFD8C
Storr, A. (2001). Freud: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Freud_A_Very_Short_Introduction/09xre3uD_hcC?hl=en
Sukhera, J. (2022). Narrative reviews: Flexible, rigorous, and practical. Journal of Grad Med Educ, 14(4), 414-417. https://doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-22-00480.1
Urdang, P. E. (2018). Art, creativity, and psychoanalysis: Perspectives from analyst-artists: by Hagman, G. (Ed.). (2017). New York, NY: Routledge, 194 pp., $52.95. Psychoanalytic Social Work, 25(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228878.2018.1428635
Winnicott, D. W. (1965). The maturational processes and the facilitating environment: Studies in the theory of emotional development. Hogarth. https://books.google.com/books?id=wktqAAAAMAAJ
Winnicott, D. W. (1967). The location of cultural experience. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 48(3), 368-372. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6053299
Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Playing and Reality. Tavistock Publications. https://books.google.com/books?id=HwAuAAAAYAAJ
