مطالعۀ پدیدارشناختی واکنش‌های شاهدان فعال و منفعل در رخدادهای قلدری

صمدیه, هادی

doi:10.22077/qrbs.2025.8642.1081

مطالعۀ پدیدارشناختی واکنش‌های شاهدان فعال و منفعل در رخدادهای قلدری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

هادی صمدیه

استادیار، گروه روان شناسی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

10.22077/qrbs.2025.8642.1081

چکیده

زمینه: قلدری در دوران نوجوانی یک مسئلۀ اجتماعی گسترده و پیچیده است که تأثیرات عمیقی بر تمام افراد درگیر و به ویژه قربانیان دارد. شناخت رفتارهای شاهدان قلدری و عوامل مؤثر بر رفتار آن‌ها، می‌تواند به ارائۀ راهکارهای مؤثرتری برای مقابله با این پدیده کمک کند. پژوهش‌های گذشته عمدتاً متمرکز بر رفتارهای مرتکبین قلدری و قربانیان بوده‌اند. این در حالی است که گروه عمده‌ای از افراد، شاهدان یا تماشاچیان قلدری هستند که می‌توانند نقش مؤثری در کاهش رفتارهای قلدری در محیط‌های مختلف و از آن جمله در مدرسه داشته باشند.
هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر، واکاوی تجربۀ زیستۀ نوجوانانِ شاهدِ قلدری بود.
روش: برای دستیابی به هدف پژوهش، از رویکرد کیفی و روش پدیدارشناختی توصیفی استفاده شد. مشارکت‌کنندگان، 12 نفر از دانش‌آموزان دختر و پسر متوسطۀ اول و دوم شهرستان بیرجند در سال تحصیلی 1404-1403 بودند که از طریق نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و با در نظر گرفتن دو اصل اشباع و کفایت نمونه‌گیری انتخاب شدند. ابزار اصلی جمع‌آوری اطلاعات در مطالعه حاضر، مصاحبۀ نیمه‌ساختاریافته بود. تحلیل داده‌ها، با روش استویک-کولایزی-کین انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌های حاصل از مصاحبه‌ها، منجر به تولید 6 مضمون اصلی، 15 مضمون فرعی و 31 واحد معنایی گردید. شش مضمون اصلی شامل پویایی‌های قدرت و سلسله‌مراتب اجتماعی (گستاخی و کنترل‌گری)، آسیب‌پذیری و چالش‌های اجتماعی (صفات فردی و مهارت‌های بین فردی)، آشفتگی‌های هیجانی (همدلی و شفقت، بی‌عدالتی اخلاقی، مسئولیت‌پذیری فردی)، واکنش‌های دوگانه (پاسخ‌های انفعالی، مداخلۀ فعال)، اجتناب و محافظت از خود (فقدان جرأت‌ورزی، احتیاط، بی‌تفاوتی و سودجویی) و اثر مثبت اجتماعی (هوش هیجانی، شایستگی اجتماعی و حل تعارض مسالمت‌آمیز) بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های این پژوهش، پیچیدگی و چندبعدی بودن رفتارهای مثبت و منفی شاهدان قلدری که نشانگر عوامل مؤثر متفاوت بر رفتارهای این دو گروه است را مورد تأکید قرار می‌دهد. نتایج این مطالعه می‌تواند به طراحی برنامه‌های مداخله‌ای و آموزشی به منظور حمایت از رفتارهای مثبت شاهدان و قربانیان قلدری کمک کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

پدیدارشناسی

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Phenomenological Study of Bystanders’ and Upstanders’ Responses in Bullying Incidents

نویسنده [English]

Hadi Samadieh

Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

چکیده [English]

Background: Bullying during adolescence presents a significant social issue affecting all individuals involved, especially the victims. Insights into the behaviors of bystanders and upstanders and the factors influencing them can lead to more effective anti-bullying strategies. While previous research has primarily centered on perpetrators and victims, the role of witnesses—who can significantly influence the reduction of bullying in various environments, including schools—remains underexplored.
Objective: This study aims to examine the lived experiences of adolescents who witness bullying.
Method: A qualitative, descriptive phenomenological method was employed to meet the research objective. The study involved 12 male and female students from first and second high schools in Birjand during the 2023-2024 academic year. Participants were selected through purposive sampling (maximum variation) and based on the principles of saturation and sampling adequacy. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method.
Results: Interview data analysis revealed six main themes, 15 sub-themes, and 31 semantic units. The main themes included power dynamics and social hierarchy (arrogance and control), vulnerability and social challenges (personal traits and interpersonal skills), emotional turmoil (empathy and compassion, moral injustice, personal responsibility), ambivalent reactions (passive responses, active intervention), avoidance and self-protection (lack of assertiveness, caution, indifference, and self-interest), and positive social impact (emotional intelligence, social competence, peaceful conflict resolution).
Conclusion: The findings underscore the complexity and multidimensionality of the positive and negative behaviors of bullying witnesses, highlighting various influencing factors. The study’s results can inform the development of intervention and educational programs aimed at promoting positive behaviors among bullying witnesses and supporting victims.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

bullying
victimization
bystanders
upstanders
students
lived experience

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