Development and Validation of A Training Package for Regulating Hot and Cold Cognition

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational and Psychology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

2 Department of Psychology, University of Birjand

Abstract

Background: Cognition can be categorized in to cold and hot cognition based on emotional context. Cold cognition refers to rational, analytical, and non-emotional processing, while hot cognition involves emotional and motivational elements. Distinguishing between these two types of cognition is essential, as their regulation plays a significant role in daily functioning and complex life situations.
Aim: This study aims to develop and validate an educational package for regulating cold and hot cognition among adolescents and young adults.
Method: The research was conducted in two phases. The first phase focused on developing an educational package for regulating cold and hot cognition through qualitative content analysis. Theoretical and empirical literature were systematically reviewed to identify recurring concepts and components. In the second phase, the validity of the educational package was evaluated using the Delphi method, and the Content Validity Index (CVI) was calculated based on expert opinions.
Results: The educational package consisted of eight 60-minute sessions and included three main components: problem-solving, decision-making, and working memory. The validity of the package was assessed using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI), based on evaluations by 15 psychology experts. The findings indicated that the CVR index for the objectives was 0.88, while for the content it was 0.72, and the overall CVI index averaged at 0.97, demonstrating a strong validity of the hot and cold cognition regulation training package.
Conclusions: According to the results, the development of this package represents a significant step toward enhancing problem-solving, decision-making, and working memory, which are essential components of the learning process in both cognitive and emotional situations. The results demonstrated that the educational package for regulating cold and hot cognition has sufficient validity and can be applied in academic and clinical intervention settings. It is recommended that future studies examine the effectiveness of this package.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Aboutalebi Ahmadi, T. (2014). Learning problem solving methods in order to reduce stress and anxiety, and increase achievement motivation, 30(1), 115-134. https://qjoe.ir/article-1-118-en.html
  2. Adami, Z., Alilou, M. M., & Nazari, M. A. (2019). The comparison of emotional working memory capacity in patients with social anxiety disorder and normal subjects. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 20(4), 35-45. https://icssjournal.ir/article-1-858-en.html
  3. Albert, D., & Steinberg, L. (2011). Judgment and decision making in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 211-224. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00724.x
  4. Alipour, F., Mesrabadi, J., & Rahimi, S. (2022).Problem-Solving skills and anxiety Relation: A meta analysis. Social Cognition, 10(2), 139-164. https://sc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_8449.html?lang=en
  5. Alloway, T. P., & Alloway, R. G. (2010). Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 106(1), 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2009.11.003
  6. Arnsten, A. F. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 410-422. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2648
  7. Baddeley, A. D. (2003). Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(10), 829-839. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1201
  8. Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
  9. Baddeley, A. D. (1996). The fractionation of working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(24), 13468-13472. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.24.13468
  10. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 8, 47-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1
  11. Barkin, R. (2021). Hot and cold cognition: Understanding emerging adults’ cognitive reasoning. https://justicelab.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Hot%20and%20Cold%20Cognition.pdf
  12. Bayne, T., Brainard, D., Byrne, R. W., Chittka, L., Clayton, N., Heyes, C., ... & Webb, B. (2019). What is cognition? Current biology, 29(13), R608-R615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.044
  13. Ben-Zeev, A. (2023). Cold and hot cognition: How jesmyn ward cultivates moral imagination in men we reaped. PsyART, 27, 101-120. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2023-71935-001
  14. Brandimonte, M. A., Bruno, N., & Collina, S. (2006). Psychological concepts: An international historical perspective. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003076384-2
  15. Dahlin, E., Neely, A. S., Larsson, A., Bäckman, L., & Nyberg, L. (2008). Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum. Science, 320(5882), 1510-1512. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155466
  16. Damasio, A. R. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 351(1346), 1413-1420. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0125
  17. Davaee, M., Kashani Vahid, L., & Ajorloo, E. (2021). The effectiveness of creative problem-solving training program on emotional management and resilience in mothers of gifted high school students. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 23(1), 106-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.30514/icss.23.1.106
  18. Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
  19. Dolcos, F., & McCarthy, G. (2006). Brain systems mediating cognitive interference by emotional distraction. Neuron, 26(7), 2072-2079. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5042-05.2006
  20. Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
  21. Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49(8), 709-724. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.49.8.709
  22. Evans, J. S. B. (2003). In two minds: Dual-process accounts of reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(10), 454-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012
  23. Gellman, M., & Rick Turner, J. (2013). Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine. Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9
  24. Goel, V., & Dolan, R. J. (2004). Differential involvement of left prefrontal cortex in inductive and deductive reasoning. Cognition, 93(3), B109-B121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2004.03.001
  25. Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2008). Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 105(19), 6829-6834. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801268105
  26. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. https://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Fast-Slow-Daniel-Kahneman/dp/0374533555
  27. Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment (pp. 49-81). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808098.004
  28. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Jstor, 47(9), 263-292. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
  29. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2013). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. In Handbook of the Fundamentals of Financial Decision Making: Part I (pp. 99-127). https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814417358_0006
  30. Kahneman, D., Rosenfield, A. M., Gandhi, L., & Blaser, T. (2021). Noise: A flaw in human judgment. Harvard Business Review Press. https://lccn.loc.gov/2020951207
  31. Khera, T., & Rangasamy, V. (2021). Cognition and pain: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 673962. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34093370/
  32. Kroger, J. K., Sabb, F. W., Fales, C. L., Bookheimer, S. Y., Cohen, M. S., & Holyoak, K. J. (2002). Recruitment of anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human reasoning: A parametric study of relational complexity. Cerebral Cortex, 12(5), 477-485. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/12.5.477
  33. Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
  34. Lo, A. W., Repin, D. V., & Steenbarger, B. N. (2005). Fear and greed in financial markets: A clinical study of day-traders. American Economic Review, 95(2), 352-359. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/000282805774670095
  35. Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267-286. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=929947
  36. Lupien, S. J., Maheu, F., Tu, M., Fiocco, A., & Schramek, T. E. (2007). The effects of stress and stress hormones on human cognition: Implications for the field of brain and cognition. Brain and Cognition, 65(3), 209-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2007.02.007
  37. Melby-Lervag, M., & Hulme, C. (2013). Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology, 49(2), 270-291. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028228
  38. Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24(1), 167-202. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167
  39. Mohammadi, E., Shadbaffi, M., Pakrouh, L., & Vafadar, S. (2020). The effectiveness of problem-solving training-based therapy on externalizing behavioral symptoms. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies, 10(1), 22. https://jdisabilstud.org/article-1-1921-en.html
  40. Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive Psychology. Prentice-Hall. https://antilogicalism.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cognitive_psychology_classic_edition
  41. Neisser, U. (2014). Cognitive Psychology: Classic Edition (1st ed.). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315736174
  42. Pessoa, L., Gutierrez, E., Bandettini, P., & Ungerleider, L. (2002). Neural correlates of visual working memory: Fmri amplitude predicts task performance. Neuron, 35(5), 975-987. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00817-6
  43. Peterson, E., & Welsh, M. C. (2014). The development of hot and cool executive functions in childhood and adolescence: Are we getting warmer? In: Goldstein, S., & Naglieri, J. (eds) Handbook of Executive Functioning. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_4
  44. Pinar, S. E., Yildirim, G., & Sayin, N. (2018). Investigating the psychological resilience, self-confidence and problem-solving skills of midwife candidates. Nurse Education Today, 64, 144-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.02.014
  45. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. Publisher Lww. https://www.amazon.com/Nursing-Research-Generating-Assessing-Evidence/dp/1496300238
  46. Porcelli, A. J., & Delgado, M. R. (2017). Stress and decision making: Effects on valuation, learning, and risk-taking. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 14, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.015
  47. Qin, S., Hermans, E. J., Van Marle, H. J., & Fernández, G. (2012). Understanding low reliability of memories for neutral information encoded under stress: Alterations in memory-related activation in the hippocampus and midbrain. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(12), 4032-4040. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3101-11.2012
  48. Ricciardi, V., & Simon, H. K. (2000). What is behavioral finance? Business, Education & Technology Journal, 2(2), 1-9. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=256754
  49. Salehinejad, M. A., Ghanavati, E., Rashid, M. H. A., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021). Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network. Brain and Neuroscience Advances, 5. https://doi.org/10.1177/23982128211007769
  50. Sanford, A., & Emmott, C. (2012). Hot cognition: Emotion, empathy and suspense. In Mind, Brain and Narrative (pp. 191-232). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139084321.009
  51. Schwabe, L., & Wolf, O. T. (2013). Stress and multiple memory systems: From ‘thinking’ to ‘doing’. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(2), 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.12.001
  52. Schweizer, S., Satpute, A. B., Atzil, S., Field, A. P., Hitchcock, C., Black, M., … & Dalgleish, T. (2019). The impact of affective information on working memory: A pair of meta-analytic reviews of behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 145(6), 566-609. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000193
  53. Shiban, Y., Fruth, M. B., Pauli, P., Kinateder, M., Reichenberger, J., & Mühlberger, A. (2016). Treatment effect on biases in size estimation in spider phobia. Biological Psychology, 121, 146-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.005
  54. Shields, G. S., Sazma, M. A., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2016). The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 651-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038
  55. Sloman, S. A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 3-22. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3
  56. Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1997). Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual differences in actively open-minded thinking. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(2), 342-357. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0663.89.2.342
  57. Starcke, K., & Brand, M. (2011). Decision making under stress: A selective review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(4), 1228-1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.003
  58. Varmaghani, P., Alipour, F., GhaedAmini Harouni, G., & Javadi, M. H. (2019). The effectiveness of group social work intervention with resolving the problem of reducing suicidal ideation in qorveh city. Archives of Rehabilitation, 20(3), 286-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/rj.20.3.286
  59. Waltz, C. F., & Bausell, B. R. (1981). Nursing research: Design statistics and computer analysis. Davis Fa. https://archive.org/details/nursingresearchd0000walt
  60. Ward, J. (2020). The Student’s Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315742397
  61. Yaryan, S., Asgharnezhadfarid, A., & Karandish, M. (2019). Effectiveness of emotional regulation training in impulsivity and decision-making styles of female prisoners with drug abuse experience. Etiadpajohi, 12(48), 27-40. https://etiadpajohi.ir/article-1-1614-en.html
  62. Zelazo, P. D. (2004). The development of conscious control in childhood. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(1), 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.001
  63. Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2012). Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: Development and plasticity. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 354-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00246.x
  64. Zelazo, P. D., & Müller, U. (2002). Executive function in typical and atypical development. In U. Goswami (Ed.), Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development (pp. 445-469). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996652.ch20

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 12 May 2025
  • Revise Date: 02 July 2025
  • Accept Date: 18 August 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics