Theoretical Review of Relationship between Academic Burnout, Spiritual Intelligence and Psychological Resilience

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 MA in Educational Psycholgy, Ministry of Education, Birjand, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.

3 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.

Abstract

Background: Learners face stress and pressure while studying, which sometimes causes negative attitudes and feelings towards the course and study environment, and ultimately academic burnout. Academic burnout causes a feeling of physical and emotional fatigue, apathy and academic inefficiency and ultimately academic failure. For this reason, in order to have an effective educational system, attention should be paid to the psychological and academic condition of learners and to reduce their academic burnout.
Aim: This study was conducted by the theoretical review method with the aim of examining the definitions and theoretical foundations of the three variables of academic burnout, spiritual intelligence and psychological resilience and the theoretical and research relationship of these three variables with each other.
Methods: After limiting the search with the vocabulary of learners, students and approved scientific articles, about 600 theses and researches were obtained, and after examining and studying their abstracts and texts, 32 comprehensive and newer researches and theses were selected and used for the present study. The data collection method was conducted by examining, studying and collecting information from the available and related theses and researches of the last six years in Iran and abroad by searching the keywords of academic burnout, psychological resilience and spiritual intelligence in Farsi and English journals in reliable databases.
Results: After the investigation, we came to the conclusion that the theoretical and research foundations of academic burnout are related to psychological resilience, academic burnout is related to spiritual intelligence, and spiritual intelligence is related to psychological resilience.
Conclusions: According to the obtained findings, it is possible to improve students' academic progress and reduce their academic burnout by training and increasing their psychological resilience skills and spiritual intelligence.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Arabiyan, A., Abolmaali, kh., Hashemian, K. (2019). Explaining academic burnout on parent-child relationship with mediating resiliency and problem solving ability. Journal of Psychology, 1(23), http://iranapsy.ir/en/Article/21428
Amram, J. (2005). The contribution of emotional and spiritual intelligences to effective business leadership (Publication No. 3344514) [Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Transpersonal Psychology]. ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/docview/288240505
Beausaert, S., Froehlich, D. E., Devos, C., & Riley, P. (2016). Effects of support on stress and burnout in school principals. Educational Research, 58(4), 347–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2016.1220810
Biranvand, F. (2016). The effectiveness of cognitive self-compassion training on meaningfulness, self-determination needs, psychological resilience and substance consumption in cannabis-dependent patients [Master's thesis, Lorestan University, iran]. Irandak.
Biricik, Y. S. (2023). Psychological distress and academic burnout in university student athletes: The role of resilience as a coping mechanism. International Journal of Education Technology and Scientific Researches. 8(21). https://doi.org/10.35826/ijetsar.573
Boardman, L. (2016). Building resilience in nursing students: Implementing techniques to foster success. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821.1000339
Bogar, C. B., & Hulse‐Killacky, D. (2006). Resiliency determinants and resiliency processes among female adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Counseling and Development, 84(3), 318–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00411.x
Chen, H. L., Wang, H. Y., Lai, S. F., & Ye, Z. J. (2022). The associations between psychological distress and academic burnout: A mediation and moderation analysis. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 1271–1282. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s360363
Clark, S., Loe, E., Merlo, L. J., & Estores, I. M. (2023). Assessing psychological resilience and distress among graduate health profession students during the covid-19 pandemic. Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/27536130231185072
Dyrbye, L. N., Power, D. V., Massie, F. S., Eacker, A., Harper, W., Thomas, M. R., Szydlo, D. W., Sloan, J. A., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2010). Factors associated with resilience to and recovery from burnout: a prospective, multi-institutional study of US medical students. Medical Education, 44(10), 1016–1026. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03754.x
Elkins, M., & Cavendish, R. (2004). Developing a plan for pediatric spiritual care. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18(4), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004650-200407000-00002
Emerson, D. J., Hair, J. F., & Smith, K. J. (2022). Psychological distress, burnout, and business student turnover: The role of resilience as a coping mechanism. Research in Higher Education, 64(2), 228–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-022-09704-9
Emmons, R. A. (2000). Is spirituality an intelligence? Motivation, cognition, and the psychology of ultimate concern. œInternational Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1001_2
Fazel, Z., & Yazdkhasti, F. (2017). Developing a structural equation modeling of the role of academic stressors on resilience, motivation and academic burnout among pre-university female in Isfahan. New Educational Approaches, 11(2), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.22108/nea.2017.21489
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn‐out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
Garavand, H. (2022). The mediating role of psychological hardiness in the relationship between spiritual intelligence and resilience in student. Iranian Journal of islamic studies in health, 6(2), 15-28. https://sid.ir/paper/1126081/en
Garavand, Y., Alizadeh, A., Zare’nezhad, S., & Abbasi Joshagan, E. (2022). A quasi-experimental study of the impact of resilience training on students' academic burnout and mental health. Quarterly Journal of Family and Research, 19(3), 93-112. http://qjfr.ir/article-1-1438-en.html
Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55(1), 97-111. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129837
Ghobari Bonab, B., Salimi, M., Saliani, L., & Nouri Moghadam, S. (2007). Spiritual intelligence. ANDISHE-E-NOVIN-E-DINI A quarterly research, 3(10), 125-147. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20089481.1386.3.10.5.6
Hemmati, R., & Sadeghi, A. (2019). Analysis of academic burnout among university students. Social Problems of Iran, 9(2), 233-257. http://jspi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2991-en.html
Jahed Motlagh, M., Younesi, J., Azkhosh, M., & Farzi, M. (2015). The effect of training on psychological stress resiliency of female students living in dormitories. Journal of School Psychology, 4(2), 7-21. https://jsp.uma.ac.ir/article_322.html?lang=en
Karimi, H., Zarei, R., & Valizadeh, N. (2019). Effects of emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and mental health to reduce academic burnout and to boost academic performance of agricultural students. Journal of Agricultural Education Administration Research, 10(47), 139-155. https://doi.org/10.22092/jaear.2019.124343.1574
Khan, S., Shah, S. N., & Ullah, A. (2023). A correlational study of spiritual intelligence, resilience and perceived stress among university students of peshawar, khyber pakhtunkhwa. CARC Research in Social Sciences, 2(3), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.58329/criss.v2i3.33
King, D. B. (2008). Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: A definition, model andxmeasure [Master Thesis, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada]. Google Scholar. https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item?id=MR43187&op=pdf&app=Library&oclc_number=682256364
Kinnunen, J. M., Lindfors, P., Rimpelä, A., Salmela‐Aro, K., Rathmann, K., Perelman, J., Federico, B., Richter, M., Kunst, A. E., & Lorant, V. (2016). Academic well‐being and smoking among 14‐ to 17‐year‐old schoolchildren in six European cities. Journal of Adolescence, 50(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.04.007
Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors and processes contributing to resilience: The resilience framework. In M. D. Glantz & J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 179–224). Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1999-04168-008
Kwan, J. (2022). Academic burnout, resilience level, and campus connectedness among undergraduate students during the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from singapore. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 5. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2022.5.s1.7
Liu, Y., & Cao, Z. (2022). The impact of social support and stress on academic burnout among medical students in online learning: The mediating role of resilience. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.938132
Pines, A. M., Aronson, E., & Kafry, D. (1981). Burnout: From tedium to personal growth. Free Ppress.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
McMullen, B. (2003). Spiritual intelligence. Journal of Brian McMullen, 326(3), 030360. https://doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.030360
Miraki, M. (2017). Prediction of academic burnout based on the emotional atmosphere of the family, victimization and test anxiety in students of the first secondary course of the city of Javanrood in the academic year 2016-2017 [Master's thesis, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran]. Irandak.
Moghimi Firouzabad, M., & Rezaei, N. (2023). The effectiveness of teaching spiritual intelligence skills on reducing burnout and academic self-regulation in elementary school female students participating in Quran and Etrat competitions. Quran and Medicine, 8(1), 61-67. https://www.quraniimed.com/article_188479.html?lang=en
Namaki Bidgli, Z. (2015). The relationship between mindfulness and resilience with academic procrastination among Kashan University students [Master's thesis, Kashan University, Iran]. Irandak.
Nasel, D. D. (2004). Spiritual orientation in relation to spiritual intelligence a consideration of traditional Christianity and New Ageindividualistic Spirituality (Publication No. 9915955513301831) Doctoral dissertation, University of South Australia]. https://shorturl.at/Kj13u  http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/24948
Nikkhah, T. (2015). The quality of resilience in parents of children with cancer [Master's thesis, Yazd University, Iran]. Irandak.
Noble, K. D. (2001). Riding the windhorse: Spiritual intelligence and the growth of the self. Hampton Press.
O’Sullivan, L., & Lindsay, N. (2022). The relationship between spiritual intelligence, resilience, and well-being in an Aotearoa New Zealand sample. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 25(4), 277-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2022.2086840
Pour Shahbaz, A., & Jazayery, A. (2008). Temperament and character in resiliency of tehran male adolescents in substance use. Journal of Social Welfare Quarterly, 7(29), 11-32. http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2025-en.html
Rajabiyeh Shayan, N., Bahrami Hidji, M., & Nejad Mohammad Namghi, A. (2017). The relationship between job burnout and emotional regulation and role ambiguity in the employees of Rasool Akram Hospital. Fourth International Conference on Recent innovations in Psychology, Counseling and Behavioral Sciences. https://civilica.com/doc/670341
Rahmati, Z. (2011). The relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout in students with high and low self-efficacy [Master's thesis, Allameh Tabatabai University, Iran]. Irandak.
Ried, L. D., Motycka, C., Mobley, C., & Meldrum, M. (2006). Comparing self-reported burnout of pharmacy students on the founding campus with those at distance campuses. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 70(5), 114. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj7005114
Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x
Salmela-Aro, K., Moeller, J., Schneider, B., Spicer, J., & Lavonen, J. (2016). Integrating the light and dark sides of student engagement using person-oriented and situation-specific approaches. Learning and Instruction, 43, 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.001
Shakerinia, I, & Mohammadpour M. (2010). Relationship between job stress and resiliency with occupational burnout among nurses. Journal. of Kermanshah University Medical Sciences, 14(2), 161-160. e79518. https://brieflands.com/articles/jkums-79518
Shirin Khair, A. (2016). The role of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence in preventing the return to drug addiction in drug addicts who are quitting drugs [Master's thesis, Bandar Abbas Azad University, Iran].
Simatupang, D. C. M. (2022). Pengaruh resilience terhadap academic burnout pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran universitas sumatera utara di era pandemi covid-19. http://repository.uhn.ac.id/handle/123456789/7423
Solimany, E., Pakandish, S., Mohammadifakhr, A., & Salmabadi, M. (2022). Predicting the resilience of students during the corona pandemic based on the components of spiritual and social intelligence. Journal of Pizhuhish Dar din Va Salamat (i.E., Research on Religion & Health), 8(23), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v8i-.34794
Vîrgă, D., Pattusamy, M., & Kumar, D. P. (2020). How psychological capital is related to academic performance, burnout, and boredom? The mediating role of study engagement. Current Psychology, 41(10), 6731–6743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01162-9
Waugh, C. E., Fredrickson, B. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2008). Adapting to life’s slings and arrows: Individual differences in resilience when recovering from an anticipated threat. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 1031–1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.005
Welsh, E. A., & Brodsky, A. E. (2010). After every darkness is light: Resilient afghan women coping with violence and immigration. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(3), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020922
Yang, H. (2004). Factors affecting student burnout and academic achievement in multiple enrollment programs in taiwan’s technical–vocational colleges. International Journal of Educational Development, 24(3), 283–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2003.12.001
Yaghoobi, A. (2010). Investigating the relationship between spiritual intelligence and the level of happiness of bo ali university students. Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 4(9), 85-95. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23831324.1389.4.9.5.4
Yaghoobi, A., & Bakhtiari, M. (2016). The effect of resiliency training on burnout in high school female students. Research in School and Virtual Learning, 4(13), 45-56. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23456523.1395.4.13.4.0
Yazdani, G., Salarifar, M. H., & Khorshidzadah, M. (2021). The effect of metacognitive beliefs and state's training on students' academic burnout in university of birjand. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy, 12(48), 101-122. https://doi.org/10.22054/qccpc.2021.61153.2710
Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2004). Spiritual capital: Wealth we can live by. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 16 November 2022
  • Revise Date: 22 April 2023
  • Accept Date: 24 June 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics